Astronomy 3.2-AS

1. Introduction. The development of cosmological views from the earliest to present times and their consequences for modern astronomy, the latest results of theoretical and observational astronomy.
2. The Celestial Sphere and basic astronomical coordinate systems, transformation of coordinate systems, sunrise and sunset of celestial bodies, day and night phenomenon and seasons, the concept of time in astronomy.
3. Basic information about astronomical observations. Basic astronomical instruments, simple astronomical observations, observations in the optical field - elements focusing light, radiation detectors, spectroscopic observations, observations in the radio field, in infrared, gamma ultraviolet and X-ray.
4. Celestial bodies and their movement. Earth's rotational and orbital motion, precession and nutation, Earth-Moon system. Kepler's laws, elements of elliptical orbits.
5. Sun and stars. Mechanisms of star radiation, observation parameters of stars, star spectra, Hartzsprung-Russell diagram and its meaning, nucleosynthesis processes. Stellar, evolution of objects on the H-R diagram, variable stars, star populations, star clusters, the structure of the Galaxy.
6.Interstellar matter, extinction curve, magnetic field in the interstellar medium.
7. Fundamentals of astrophysics of planetarysystems. Scenarios for the formation of the solar system.Formation and evolution of the surface of planets and moons, internal structure of planets, planetary atmospheres. Planet temperatures and the greenhouse effect on different planets of the solar system.
8. Elements of extragalactic astronomy. Other galaxies, galaxy clusters, Classification of galaxies, galaxy distances, Hubble's law of distance determination in the Universe.
9. Theoretical foundations of cosmology. Premises for adopting the Standard Model of the Universe evolution, expansion of the Universe, basic observational tests, the problem of dark matter and dark energy. The earliest stages of the universe's evolution, the lepton age, the age of radiation and primardial nucleosynthesis, recombination and relic radiation spectrum, galactic era, the future of the universe.